Part 1 Introduction: The Origins of Institutions.......................................... 2
1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3
Part 2 Origins of Institutions: The Centrality of Courts.............................. 33
2 A Theory of Institutional Emergence: Functional Layering and the Origins of Parliament... 34
3 Explanations of Functional Layering: Contingency vs. Relative Power................................ 48
4 Flanders and Italy: Courts, Institutions, and Cities............................................................. 71
5 Catalonia: Courts, Institutions, and Territories.................................................................. 87
Part 3 Origins of Representative Practice: The Role of Power and Obligation 104
6 Taxation and Representative Practices: Bargaining vs. Compellence................................... 105
7 Obligation, Taxation, and Representation: The English Historical Record......................... 116
8 “Absolutist” France and Castile: Variations in Representative Practice................................ 130
Part 4 The Political Economy of Representation: Power, Obligation, And Property Rights 153
9 Security of Property Rights and the “Predatory State”......................................................... 154
10 No Taxation of Elites, No Representation: The Political Economy of Representative Institutions 159
11 The English Wool Trade and The Castilian Mesta: State Power, Trade, and Representation 187
Part 5* Property Rights: Land and Conditionality..................................... 199
12 Power, Land, and Conditionality: ***Hungary: Limited Royal Control and Second-Best Constitutionalism 200
13 Conditional Land Law, Property Rights, and “Sultanism:” Premodern English and Ottoman Land Regimes 221
Part 6 Why Representation In The West: Petitions, Collective Responsibility, and Supra-Local Organization 241
14 Collective Responsibility, Petitions, and Representative Practice: England, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire 242
15 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 275
References 292